An Analysis of Great Expectations Essay Example

An Analysis of Great Expectations Essay Example An Analysis of Great Expectations Paper An Analysis of Great Expectations Paper Essay Topic: Great Expectations Pip feels and how he was treated. I think he also tried to show that it was wrong to treat children badly. In those days it was known that children should be seen and not heard but Dickens thought this was wrong, so he emphasized in the novel that it is wrong to think this. He tried to make people feel sorry for Pip because he always wanted people to feel sorry for him. It was normal for kids In those times to be treated badly, but Dickenss did cause awareness of how badly children were treated. All of Dickens family were In prison because of unpaid debts so he suffered a lot Just eke PIP. Basically Dickens puts all his anger and despair Into Pip, so rich people would help poor people. The word Pip means the seed inside a fruit and these tend to be small, so its like a way of calling Pip small and insignificant. This is a metaphor. This makes you feel sorry for Pip because even his name means he is small. Also you feel sorry for him because his parents are dead, generally you feel sorry for people when one parent is dead and they are older but hes only 7 and both of them are dead, its really sad and it makes you want to look after PIP hasnt been taught well, we know this because he repeats the word and a lot, and this suggests he Is a small child. He doesnt go to school and doesnt get taught at home. He doesnt get taught because only rich people got taught in them days. Dickens really liked education so he emphasized how important education is in his novels, like this one. This makes us feel sorry for Pip because no one really cares about him enough to give him education. He cant even say his real name so he shortened it down to Pip. This proves his sister doesnt look after him well because he should at least help him pronounce his name right. Great Expectations Is about a boy (Pip) whom gets treated badly by everyone and his parents and 5 brothers are dead. In those days there were very high death rates so Its no wonder a lot of his family members died. There were high death rates because people were extremely poor and couldnt afford to drink clean water or food, so they got diseases. He lives with his sister and her husband and she treats him horribly. Pip is in a cemetery one day when a convict (Magnetic) comes and orders PIP to get a Tile Tort Nils leg Ana some T Mage etc tenants PIP. Magellan gets caught and he protects Pip saying he stole all the goods himself. A crazy woman (Miss Having) and her daughter (Estella) bully Pip but Pip still has a crush on Estella. Miss Having gets Pip a Job. One day a lawyer daggers) says to Pip a secret benefactor has given Pip a large fortune. Pip assumes that Miss Having gave him the money and that she wants him to marry Estella. Pip finally gets education with the money he received. We find out it was Magnetic who gave him the money. Pip goes away with his friend Herbert to work. He comes back years later he sees Estella joking sad and he can tell shes become kind, them two get together and walk away holding hands. Chapter one is about when Pip is in a cemetery and is sitting near his mother and fathers gravestone and his 5 brothers. Then an ex convict comes and threatens him and tells him if he doesnt steal a file and some food for him, he will eat Pip. The ex convict is called Magnetic and he also said theres a man in the bushes as well and he is very violent. We dont know if he was making this up but we assume he was. Pip believed him and was very frightened afterwards. This Just added to Pips sadness. Chapter eight is about when Pip goes to see Miss Having and Estella. Miss Having is dressed in all white as if she was getting married, except all her clothes had turned yellow because shes wore it so long. She sounds crazy because she talks to herself and Pip has a crush on her daughter Estella. But Estella is horrible to Pip and Miss Having tells Estella to break his heart a bit like how someone broke her heart. Estella makes fun of the clothes that Pip wears and he gets really upset because he never noticed it before. From the very first chapter of the book the setting is in a graveyard. Just by reading the beginning of the chapter you feel sorry for Pip. Pip (a little boy) is in a graveyard sitting next to his family grave, like that isnt sad enough we find out its Christmas eve and he is alone there. We also find out his sister (who he lives with) hits him, it suggests this in a quotation. We know shes horrible to him because why would he be happy wandering around graveyards alone when he could be home. Also we know that he is poor and is undernourished because he would get small pieces of bread for his dinner, I know this because Magnetic takes his bread from him and bullies him. Its quite sad and really does make you feel sorry for Pip because even though he doesnt get much to eat a grown man has stolen what little food he gets. Another example of how Dickens creates an intimidating setting is how he chooses a little child to go to a cemetery. Cemeteries tend to be scary generally but if youre a child it would be even worse than that. A quote which supports this is l was dreadfully frightened. He was frightened because a convict Just threatened to kill him. If he wasnt in a cemetery it would be less scary because there would be people around and in cemeteries there are only dead bodies. Dreadfully means regretful and sad, so he was sad that he was frightened, which implies he wanted to be brave and not scared but he couldnt help but be frightened. After all hes Just a kid. Dreadfully is a very formal word and shows how frightened he is. He is also using a formal word because it was how they spoke then. Also he is trying to reinforce how scared nee Is. I RSI a Lot Ironic now you ethanol a concur as a sate place, a place were God is watching over you yet a boy is getting threatened outside it. Dickens is creating an image in our head of a small frightened boy, getting threatened in a meters by a big escaped convict. This in a normal situation would be bad enough but a lot of elements are added together to give it the effect Dickens wanted. Magnetic is an escaped convict but he gets caught again in the beginning of the book. Magnetic is fairly rough because he says l will cut your throat. Cut is a harsh, short and snappy word. The letter c is a harsh and rough sounding letter and t is a sharp ending letter. This shows he is very aggressive and full of hatred. He comes across like a monster by intimidating Pip. He is bringing out Pips weaknesses by being so scary. Its cruel saying this too 7 year old because he is only small and hasnt done anything to him for him to say that, but Magnetic is desperate so he has to do it. Magnetic is very dirty and isnt well looked after. We know this because if he has escaped prison and is hiding from the police outside in cemeteries he must be sleeping rough. A quotation from chapter one is The sky was Just a row of long angry, red lines and dense black lines intermixed. Saying the sky is angry is using personification, he is making the sky sound like a person. Lines intermixed this suggest the two colors deed and black get mixed together to make an ugly color, brown. Long angry, red lines and dense black these are dark, evil colors which mean the sky is going to get Pip. This would be very frightening for Pip. Dickens uses a list of three to describe it; long sentences make it sound powerful and engaging. The lines could also suggest it looks like a prison, the prison bars. This means that Pip might be feeling trapped and scared. In addition, an example of how Dickens creates an intimidating setting is how theres a sea close by which make the place sound deserted or if Magnetic chooses o kills him he could Just push him into the sea and no one would ever know. A quote which supports this point would be Down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of sea. Wound gives the impression that its like a tornado and that once youre in youre going to get wound around and around till youre trapped. A quote which supports that he thinks he is trapped is generally that I was in a low- lived, bad way. The twenty miles of sea makes it even worse for Pip, theres so much water and if he got trapped he would drown or wouldnt be able to make it back because its so long. This makes the reader feel like they should save Pip because it makes him sound so small by saying twenty miles of sea, you can imagine that Pip would be tiny compared to it. Lastly, Dickens made the setting look rough and dirty so it made the place look mysterious and scary. A quote which supports this is that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard. The fact that its overgrown with nettles makes it look like anyone could hide and attack Pip behind these nettles and Pip couldnt do anything. Also it looks like its not being looked after so if Pip got attacked no one old come Ana save nil. Blear could mean Tanat nee reels lonely . Nils makes reader feel sorry for Pip because hes Just a small boy and yet he feels so alone. In chapter 8 Dickens describes Stats House as a big place thats really dark and gloomy. In the text it says that the house can be called enough house, which means that the house is big and is enough for people in those days to live in. A quote says theres enough of it in the cellars already to drown the Manor house, this shows they are rich and have a lot of money to make alcohol. In those days they didnt have lean water, so if they were rich they drank alcohol because thats clean and safe to drink. This suggests that Miss Having might have a lot to drink thats why shes a bit crazy. Another quotation which supports this is To stand in the dark in a mysterious passage of an unknown house. This makes the setting sound risky because its dark and Pip doesnt know his way around. Mysterious means odd and unexplained which shows that the place is odd and unexplained because nobody explained to Pip why he is there. It makes the reader eager to know why is Pip there and it makes the reader feel sympathy and feel protective over Pip. As you go throughout the book you get connected to Pip and you dont want him to get hurt. In chapter 8 Dickens has written whether the flower-seeds and the bulbs ever wanted of a fine day to break out of those Jails and bloom. This suggests that even though Pip was talking about the flowers he is relating them to himself. Jail suggests he feels trapped with his sister and her husband. He Just wants to run away because she doesnt treat him right and barely even feeds him. He is using personification here, because the flower seeds are not human but he is making them sound like they are. This links to chapter 1 when it says Down by the river, within, as the river wound, twenty miles of sea because that quote suggests that Pip feels trapped. This again makes the reader feel sympathy for Pip. One more quotation from chapter 8 is that the rank was the garden of the house, and that it was overgrown with tangled weeds. This suggests that no one cares about the garden and doesnt look after it. A bit like Miss Having because she doesnt wash her clothes and leaves everything the same as it was years ago, maybe thats what shes doing with the garden. Also it might mean that Pip is scared f the garden because in chapter one when there were messy weeds and nettles, Magnetic said to him a mean man was behind them. So it might have frightened Pip seeing the tangled weeds because he thinks theres a crazy man behind them wanting to get him. He is also in a strange persons house so it does sound creepy for Pip, this adds to how we feel sorry for him Dickens describes Miss Having as a crazy woman. A quote which supports this is so new to him, so old to me; so strange to him, so familiar to me; so melancholy to both of us! Call Estella! This sounds quite crazy because shes talking o herself in the mirror but it really does sound like shes talking to someone else. I think Miss Having is lonely and Just wants some company thats why she is talking to herself. Had been white long ago, and lost its luster. Because she is wearing clothes Tanat naves Eden waste In a Wendell seen sounds careless Ana alert. In ten TLS quote she used exclamation marks a lot which shows shes a bit hysterical, or maybe shes happy that shes finally got someone to talk to other that Estella. This makes people feel sorry for Pip because on top of how unfortunate hes life is he has a crazy Oman bullying him into playing with Estella and getting rude comments made to him. Dickens makes Estella sound like a mean, stuck up person. He writes Why, he is a common labouringly boy by saying common it suggests that she is upper class. She thinks she is better than Pip because she says boy as if she is older than Pip when really she is the same age as Pip. Estella sounds very rude, an example of this is ah, but you see she dont, children in those days were meant to be seen and not heard. What she said was very rude seeing as she is a lot younger than the man she was talking to. Mr. Bumblebees was very shocked by what she said and he got annoyed with Pip because of it. This makes us feel sorry for Pip because he is getting bullied by Estella but he doesnt really realism it and he is getting really hurt by the things she says. Pips initial reaction to Miss Having and Estella is that they are both a little odd and spoilt. He really likes Estella because he thinks she is pretty, it says this in chapter 8 she is very pretty, he says this to Miss Having when she asks him what he thinks of her. I think he thinks Miss Having is an odd person and he is scared of her, as anyone his age would be. This also makes us feel sympathy for Pip because he likes a girl that is really horrible to him. It is wrong that Pip likes her though because she isnt nice to him at all its Just her looks that appeal to him. Pip was really affected by the end of chapter eight because he got really got upset by what Estella said. Estella said that he was a common labouringly boy and said a lot of other things that were quite nasty. What she said made him think he was common and he never really thought about it before until she mentioned it. By the end of it he felt like he really was common which made Pip really upset and knowing e has to come back in six days most likely made him even more upset. Finally Dickens has used a number of techniques to make us feel sympathy for Pip and they all have worked well, some relate with himself when he was younger. I think Dickens has been successful because when I read the two chapters I did really feel sorry for Pip. People do things to Pip which are Just morally wrong, adults threaten him even though he hasnt done anything wrong and he gets belittled by people his own age. I have an image in my head of him and it is off small boy that is just really unfortunate in his life, this is what Dickens wanted us to imagine.

The Environment Essays - Climate Change Policy, Carbon Finance

The Environment Essays - Climate Change Policy, Carbon Finance The Environment - The Environment The impact of people on their environment can be devastating. This is where the respective role of governments can make decisions that shape environmental policy and responsibilities. These governments can be broken up into four different levels: local, state, federal and international. Air quality and biodiversity are two current issues that can be related to the role of governments. Global warming is also another implication that has a devastating effect on the environment. Current examples include the rise in sea levels, polar meltdowns, the melting of ice sheets and glaciers and human deaths due to disease from the effects of global warming. Firstly the environment can be defined as the natural features of our surroundings such as plant and animal life and their habitats, water, soils and the atmosphere. A local government named Rockdale Municipal Council has implemented certain actions to deal with the quality in that region. They have recognized that the main source of poor air quality originates from air pollution sources such as motor vehicles, industrial premises and aircraft emissions. The solutions to these problems include improvements to Ryde and Botany Bay cycle way, integration of land use and transport planning strategies, production of Air Quality - the Facts booklet for community, investigation of complaints regarding odours and dust, tree planting and preparation of a Local Air Quality Management Plan in 1999. Air quality is a major issue in most states within Australia that affects our greenhouse, to tackle the implications state governments have created policies and responsibilities. For instance Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) is a program that enables mainly state governments to take action on greenhouse. CCP provides these state governments with a strategic framework to diminish greenhouse gas emissions by helping them identify and recognize the emissions of their council and community, set a reduction goal and develop and utilize an action plan to reach that goal. State actions include: capturing the methane from landfill sites and public and non-car transport into urban planning. On a federal or national basis Australia has employed policies to increase the air quality. For example the Commonwealth Government will guarantee that Australia carries its fair-share of the burden in worldwide efforts to combat global air pollution through policy development and implementation. They have also supported the National Greenhouse Strategy (NGS) which began in late 1996. The government will also support the development of a national strategy to observe and manage air toxics. The air toxics strategy will monitor, establish the levels of community exposure to, and manage emissions of selected air toxics. The federal government will even consider the inclusion of air toxics in a future National Environmental Protection Measure. Further measures include the leading of the development of national ambient air quality standards through the National Environmental Protection Council and the assistance of the establishment of a National Pollutant Inventory which will require larg e companies to publicly report their emission of 90 pollutants. Local government Rockdale Municipal Council has introduced responsibilities and policies to reduce the loss of biodiversity. This local government has learned that the cause involves the introduction of species, pollution of land and water, weed invasion and urban encroachment. Their solutions to these problems comprise of the planting of over 3,500 plants and shrubs in Bardwell Valley and Scotts Reserve, bush regeneration and planting in Scarborough Reserve, involvement in Cooks River Foreshores Working Party and preparation of a flora and fauna study in 2000. Policies towards the community include controlling noxious weeds on your property, planting native trees indigenous to the area and applying to the council prior to removing any trees. The Labor Tasmanian Government has created a new Environment Policy on biodiversity that hopes to preserve native plants and animals. The policies commit the government to encourage community involvement in biological diversity programs, proclaim the Tasman National Park, establish a State Biodiversity Committee with community representation to arrange a Tasmanian Biodiversity Strategy, support the development of a State Policy on the protection of remnant native vegetation, examine the possibility of incorporating the Biodiversity Strategy into legislation and seeking the co-operation of local government and the community in including and enforcing biological diversity guidelines in development criteria. The federal government has enabled several

Mahavellis belief of human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mahavellis belief of human nature - Essay Example e writing on the subject of the dos and don’ts of a prince in governing a state, he questions the traditional moral values and Christian virtues that propound the philosophy of truth and honesty. On the contrary he elaborates on the advantages of being manipulative and opportunistic (Mostafa). He argues that it is not for the prince to follow the path of absolute truth and morality as he believes them to create problems in maintaining law and order within the state and the people. He further justifies the trait of hypocrisy as essential in sustaining political career. In other words Machiavelli eulogizes those aspects that Christianity condemns for being lowly and disgraceful. Machiavelli with all his radical statements is often placed against Plato who too dictated the rules of a welfare state but on completely different ideological conditions (Blanchard). It might be said that Machiavelli represents the Renaissance spirit of man as the independent soul aspiring to scale great heights of fame and power. Though his thoughts on the free will of man are appreciated but his idea of weighing everything including humanity and morality in terms of profitable return is criticized (Blanchard). However it becomes evident that Machiavelli shows no regard for humanity and draws a clear cut difference between the ruler and the subjects with the former having all his sympathies. That he was no philanthropist is obvious from his snide remarks on the character of all commonplace mortals. His aversion for humankind shows in his conceptualization of the welfare state and the attributes of the leader, the prince. Had he been a little more sensitive and compassionate he might have noticed the ruthlessness of his ideas and his own pre-conditioned mind set. Unlike the fundamental Christian concept that human being is essentially good, Machiavelli thinks that most human beings are essentially vile. In this respect he does not spare Christ whom he considers a foreigner with the

Evidence Based Practice- Annotated bibliography

Evidence Based Practice- - Annotated Bibliography Example cle would be highly useful for the current research that covers evidence based practice due to the applicability and relevance of the contents in the information gathered, analyzed and from the output generated. Several limitations were noted in the research: the limited number of emergency departments used for the study and the violence noted were primarily recorded from patients and does not include other visitors of the emergency departments. The conclusions emphasized the need for nurses to report violence in their work setting as instrumental in providing policies and preventive measures for these incidents. The article would be highly beneficial for researches in violence met by nurses in the emergency departments’ settings but should include other sources to address the limitations noted. The article focused on exploring patient-related violence directed at nurses through verbal and physical abuse, particularly in emergency departments of various health care institutions. Secondary authoritative sources from databases, CINAHL, Medline, and Journals@ Ovid were used to determine the extent of reporting on patient-related violence noted during a ten-year period 1998 to 2008. The authors’ scope of research covered 53 different papers where studies were conducted in different countries such as Australia, Sweden, Hong Kong, USA, Canada, UK, and Ireland. The article is useful for the current research covering evidence based practice due to the extensive scope, comprehensiveness, and applicability of findings due to the recent publication of findings by the authors. The only perceived limitation of the study is its focus on identified patient-related violence in abovementioned locations which could further be expanded to other work-related settings. The relevance of t he findings indicates the need to address patient-related violence to enhance awareness for policymakers and health care administrators in incorporating preventive measures to safeguard the welfare

Structural failures in buildings Research Paper

Structural failures in buildings - Research Paper Example The Harbour Cay Condominium in Cocoa Beach, Florida in March 1981 is another important example. The five-story casting-place reinforced concrete building collapsed due to design and construction deficiencies killing eleven construction workers and injuring 23 others. Structural failures occur when there is a reduction of the capability of a structural system or component to such a degree that it cannot safely serve its intended purpose (Janney, 1986, pg. 1; Yates, 2007, pg. 68). A construction failure is a failure that occurs during construction and such failures are considered to be either a collapse or distress of a structural system to such a degree that it cannot safely serve its intended purpose. Failures may result from a single error. However, it is more common for a failure to be the result of several interrelated contributing factors. These may involve technical problems and unexpected deficiencies in material performance. Procedural deficiencies may result from human errors in judgement or from human tendencies towards ignorance, incompetence, negligence and greed. The constructed project may be subjected to environmental conditions or loads that are unpredicted by the designer or by accepted standards of practice. According to Thornton (1985, pg. 14), construction failures may be classified into three categories: safety, functional and ancillary, while the causes of failure fit into five general areas of deficiency, design, construction, material, administrative and maintenance. Yates (2007, pg. 68) identified two broad causes of construction; technical causes and human causes. Technical causes of construction failures are those that are actual physical proximate causes. For example, improper compaction of soil could lead to excessive settlement of a foundation. Procedural causes are related to human errors and they include things such as communication problems or shortcoming in the design and

International Business In Saudi Arabia Business Essay

International Business In Saudi Arabia Business Essay This research paper attempts to find article in newspapers that pertain to Saudi Arabia and the relationships it has in international business. The newspaper articles are selected in accordance with the topic under research and the summary is provided. Saudi Arabia being a strategic partner in international business has been in the forefront to promote it by having in place political, legal, economic and social-cultural environment where such can thrive. In this respect, the paper analyses cases that have been reported in the media and which relate directly to the scope of international business. 1. What Is International Business Cover page: May 18th 2011 Global economic climate brightens again, ICC/Ifo survey reveals Paris, 18 May 2011 Article Summary: The article states that the global economic climate indicator stands at 107.7 points in April, 2011 which is far much higher in the last few years. The figure is derived from a survey of 1000 economists in over 120 countries in which they responded to positive global economic growth. There are however factors that could affect this optimism such as budget deficits, high inflation and unemployment. The ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) secretary attributed this as a sign of economic recovery. He urged governments to work together to encourage a multilateral trading system that facilitates global economic growth. Although interest rates are expected to rise, emerging economies are worried but this will not affect the consumer prices much. The only risks that are expected include excessive movements in international capital and potential oil price shocks due to tensions in supply. (Note: Saudi Arabia is an oil producing country). The overall economic growth in the world is expected to reach 3.2% in 2011. Among the countries to benefit from this are the US in terms of employment and increased productivity. The Asian countries may fail to realize benefits in the short term since they expect growth in private consumption, capital expenditure and exports to weaken. In Europe, benefits will materialize especially after the Euro stabilizes. Perhaps the most interesting part is the observed improvements in Saudi Arabia amongst other neighboring nations. Relevance: International business involves all commercial transactions that occur between two or more countries or regions in a way that the political boundary is crossed. The business may be incorporated in areas such as private and government sectors, investments, logistics and transportation, and sales in various products. The reason for doing international business differs in regard to who is participating for instance private corporations do it for profit while governments seek profits and political gains. In general, economic resources get transacted across borders in form of skills, capital and people so that they enable production in banking, insurance, construction and finance sectors among others. This article is relevant to international business because it recognizes the role individual countries play as well as the factors of economic growth. It is evident that as long as individual countries economies are doing well, such countries are bound to trade with each other. Saudi Arabia being an oil producing country has over the recent past been affected by the declining economic growths in many countries all over the world. But considering that international business involves trans-border transaction such as exporting oil, (a resource), Saudi Arabia will in the long run engage and derive profits at a higher scale. Critique and Insight: Despite the implication that world economies are in the verge of growth, Saudi Arabia may still have to wait a bit longer before it can fully enjoy the benefits. In this same article, the issue of currency values is mentioned albeit shallowly. Oil as it may originate from Saudi Arabia may meet a market in crisis in regard to disagreements over currency undervaluation. This in effect means that a country like Saudi Arabia in its search for international market must be aware of such issues as well as high interest rates and inflation.   Attached Article: http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20110518133330 2. Globalization of Markets and the Internationalization of the Firm Cover page: Bottom of Form MENASART FAIR By ARAB NEWS: Published: Apr 27, 2011 18:22 Article Summary: The boutique style exclusive exhibition is very famous amongst artists, collectors and art professionals from all parts of the world. The Middle East region is attracting these from as far as North Africa and South Asia. The interest people are showing towards long neglected art and contemporary art in this region has become a success story in the international arena. Art fair manager dHauteville in Beirut noted that there is need for an international event which recognizes the growing demand for art whose sales value is estimated as more than $200 million for the last three years. This is why MENASART aims to provide a base in the region for art enthusiasts and collectors so that it can be done in a professional and cultural environment. Artists from Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are being encouraged to seek newer media which will drive the regional governments.   In addition it will provide a repository for global art and culture enabling them to become a world class destination. Cities in Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are investing a lot in building museums with the most notable being Nabatt â€Å"A Sense of Being† which is contemporary art from Saudi Arabia. This exhibition will enable Saudi contemporary art to experience international visibility. There also international auction houses in the region in the making and which are forecast to include all countries in the region. The Video Box has also been incorporated in which films and children arts are considered for display. But it is not art only that is being considered but also conferences for dealers, curators and collectors with an aim to address recent trends in South Asia.   They will discuss challenges that can oversee merging of all artists in these regions in the light of globalization. MENASART past fair attracted a number of visitors and they expect it to rise in later events. Relevance: Globalization of market s and internationalization of the firm both imply a situation where a business is opened up so that it can operate on an international arena. It means moving away from just considering local demand and supply but focusing on a wider area. International business as already discussed operates across borders. This article is relevant in the issue of market globalization and internationalization of the firm since it states that contemporary had been long neglected. Prior to embracing boutique style exclusive exhibition it seem that MENASART was confined to local markets; it at all it even took place. But with the opening of such exhibitions, there is a greater chance that more collectors, dealers and curators are likely to take part in the process. Considering too the interest people around the world have shown interest, it is clear that the market is opening up towards becoming global. In line with creating and building museums and trade fair the contemporary industry in fact moving from local settings to being run on an international scale. True to the article, Saudi Arabia especially will experience international visibility where their long forgotten and less traded art work will be done on an international arena. Critique and Insight: This article would have been more resourceful had they indicated some examples of art work that is associated with MENA regions. Attached Article: http://arabnews.com/lifestyle/art_culture/article374698.ece 3. Organizational Participants that Make International Business Happen Cover page: Foreign Policy The Middle East Channel: Need for a new social contract: Posted By Dag Detter, Steffen Hertog: Wednesday, May 4, 2011 11:00 AM Article Summary: There are reports that vast state assets have been misappropriated in the wake of recent uprising in the Middle East. The Arabic sector is fermented and numerous strikes are taking place for example in Misr Spinning and Weaving textile plant.   The crony capitalists who have enriched themselves through skewed privatizations deals have also been loosing support. The article points out that mismanaged public sectors have been a pivotal in the uneven growth and corruption. The State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), in some MENA countries manufacturing sector have undermined competition thus reducing growth. Many companies are unable to be productive enough to allow reasonable wages and dignified work conditions. The state appointed management has been a crucial cause by allowing cannibalizing of state assets as well as denying workers their bonuses. One Ahmed Ezz has already acquired strategic bits of steel sector by manipulating political connections in Egypt. In all other MENA countries corruption has contributed to companies ending up in looses.   In Saudi Arabia, the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation is usually run secretively though efficiently. The MENA authoritarian systems have employed political conditions such that monopolies seem to work but more institutionalized recipes by the government are required. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has reached a consensus that centralized ownership function is the best way to manage SOEs while at the same time protecting them from political machinations. Centralization allows conflicts between political and industrial imperatives to be dealt with and at the same time enable introduction of professional corporate governance skills to be utilized. The Board of Directors is strengthened in its endeavors such that the whole system runs accountably either in cases of success or failure. In order to utilize commercial funds effectively, the incorporated commercial borrowing tool comes in handy. It must however be set in under professional management that can be subjected to checks and balances for example in accounting and auditing. Instead of back financing, credit rating and use of bond market will instill more discipline. The National Wealth Funds have been observed to produce value internationally if they are well managed and accept transparency as a core principle. Reforms as studies have shown are expected to take place especially in the public sector and the management of SOEs. They must also be accompanied by labor market policy that allows migration from public to private sectors and at the same time allowing social security. Relevance: This article is relevant to the topic at hand since it addresses the organizational participants that make international business happen. In the article introduction, it is shown how different companies in MENA region including Saudi Arabia are being run corruptly leading to their collapse. Since the topic is dealing with organizational participants the State Owned Enterprises are in this case appropriate examples as they too engage in international business. The public sector is composed of so many organizations that make it possible for international business to take place and if it fails, so does the whole system. As noted in the article, SOEs including energy, telecoms, transport and real estates form an untapped resource fro driving economic growth and transforming the social contract. This in effect implies that it is organizations in these sectors that contribute to a country being able to engage in international business.   Their management is essential if it is done in an organized and structured manner as the benefits filter down to the economies in the region. This is the reason such concepts as decentralization, competitive policy and deregulation are noted as ones that will lead to sustainable profit and competitive prices to citizens.   The government on the other head is noted as the player and referee or in other terms as a market participant as well as the regulator. This is in line with the topic which discuses organizational participant who eventually allows international business to take place. In this case the Saudi Basic Industries Corporation has been successful due to being run efficiently but important to note is that the company itself serves the whole region; which is a case of international business. The OECD is another organization that set a platform for international business to take place and it has done so in the MENA region where Saudi Arabia is located. The article further proposes that if companies are run as incorporated commercial holding companies, they are more likely to perform in the international arena as Singapores Temasek which is a National Wealth Fund has done. Finally, both SOEs and the private sector are in real sense contributors to international business in a country.   If both are managed well, they become profitable and in turn will expand beyond the countrys borders so as to indulge in international business. Critique and Insight: In as much as the article traces the causes of the current events in the MENA region, it fails to give adequate examples of how each country is fairing. It would have been more appropriate to specify the rate of interaction among the MENA member countries in regard to how they actually do business. It seems that the article is only relying on the call for political reform in the running of the public sectors and dealing with corruption. However I tend to agree with the author when he asserts that a regional reform program is necessary especially in the SOEs.   Both the financial and social enterprises sectors need to be reformed so as to take a global relevance.   It is only through globalization that organizations which play a vital role in international business will be able to accomplish their goals. Attached Article: http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/04/29/a_new_social_contract 4. Theories of International Trade and Investment Cover page: Colombo Page: Sri Lanka Internet Newspaper Leading News from Sri Lanka Saudi delegation to visit Sri Lanka to explore new areas of business cooperation Fri, May 20, 2011, 10:07 am SL Time, Colombo Page News Desk, Sri Lanka. Article Summary: The Saudi Arabias Commerce and Industry Minister, a Mr. Abdulla Zainal Alizera noted that peace in Sri Lanka has made it possible for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to establish new trade relations. This was discussed during a visit by the Sri Lanka Minister of Industry and Commerce a Mr. Rishad Bathiudeen in Jeddah. The Saudi minister cited recent unrest in North and East Sri Lanka as having hindered trade but now is willing due to the peace that has been realized. The new chapter in trade will be initiated by a Saudi delegation to Sri Lanka with an aim of exploring new areas of cooperation between the two countries. On the other hand, the Sri Lankan minister has already identified sectors which trade can take place.   These include; tourism, industry, garments, information technology, fruits and vegetable cultivation and gem and jewelry sectors. The Saudi government will too volunteer by sending a technical team to identify new areas in agriculture under the King Abdullah Initiative for Saudi Agricultural Investment Abroad. The two countries have eventually agreed to form a Business Council to promote bilateral trade which currently stands at $ 246 million. But both countries are hoping to improve on this figure and especially the $ 43.8 million Sri Lankas export to Saudi Arabia. In a bid to initiate this trade, the Sri Lankan minister has already allowed garments export to Saudi and they be made according to Saudi businessmen specifications. He further is optimistic in that he encouraged trade which would soon yield attractive gains. The Sri Lankan minister also ventured in to other ministries in Saudi Arabia such as the Electricity and Finance ministry in pursuit of international business. Relevance: Theories in international trade and investment can be explained in two distinct ways. One of them concerns the national level and deals with questions like why nations trade and how they can enhance their competitive edge. The other level is firm oriented and seeks to give insight in to why firms institutionalize and how it helps in giving sustainable and competitive edge. The various theories covered here include; mercantilism, factor proportions, absolute advantage, new trade index to name a few. This article fits well with theories of international trade and investment since the visits by the Sri Lankan minister seeks to initiate trade. The theory of mercantilism for instance is the basis for the visit because Sri Lanka realizes that their national prosperity is the result of a positive balance of trade. Both countries exercise mercantilism in regard to maximizing their exports and minimizing their imports. Under the theory of absolute advantage principle, it is evident that the proposal by the Sri Lankan minister that Saudis import garments if well founded.   Sri Lanka must be aware of the few resources it utilizes in production of garments and why it seeks Saudi businessmen to buy them. In regard to the comparative advantage principle, even though Saudi Arabia has an upper hand in case it exports oil to Sri Lanka, which might be more expensive, the only cause for their wish to trade is in the cost of production of garments. This concept of specialization will eventually benefit both countries; Saudi Arabia in oil and Sri Lanka in garments and agricultural production. Both countries also Critique and Insight: This article provides an insight in to how international business is initiated.   It provides a clear glimpse that goes with trade delegations for a certain country visiting another.   For international business to take place, each participating county must be in a position to make deals that will last and be beneficial to both parties. Another notable fact is that peace is very important for trade to take place as is evidence by past failures between the two countries. In addition, countries must be guided by international trade and investment theories in order to make the most out of trade. Finally the article reveals the likelihood of business to occur if the initiating party has also something to offer in the course of bilateral trade. The importance of trader councils cannot also be underemphasized. Attached Article: http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11/May20_1305866256CH.php 5. The Cultural Environment of International Business Cover page: Arab News.com Saudi women gaining ground after long struggle By ABDULHAI YOUSEF | ARAB NEWS Published: May 12, 2011 01:03 Updated: May 12, 2011 01:03 RIYADH: The late introduction of womens education in Saudi Arabia has not limited their ability to make considerable gains and rights. Article Summary: Saudi women have now been able to reach official decision making positions in Saudi Arabian government. In international arena they have had chances as high executives in international organizations but not at home front. So many stories have been circulating pertaining to Saudi women strive for legitimate rights in education and work as well as ability to make personal decisions in their affairs. Historically, it was impossible for them to realize education dreams whereby their culture considered it as an act of sedition and a source of corruption. According to Islam, women were confined to their husbands will until their death. King Saud however contributed a great deal by allowing for girls to attend schooling and over the years many of them took up the challenge. Currently, many of them have joined all sectors of investment, government ministries, medicine, and engineering and in business as well. One Hallima Muzaffar is already an accomplished writer and literally critic but confesses the struggle is not over yet. She cites that she still cannot run her own business despite being knowledgeable. In addition, she laments that the society is ready to open up for everything but for women. Many other women in Saudi Arabia claim and endeavor to fight for their rights sometimes with little or no success.   Finally the article notes that a number of Saudi women are well placed locally and internationally for example Thuraya Obaid who is in the UNPF and Lubna Olayan, a renowned investor in the international financial markets. Relevance: The culture environment of international business is a very important that should not be overlooked.   It involves the understanding of various cultural elements in a country that one is willing to engage in business with. Such cultures may have diverse and unfamiliar languages, value systems, behavior and beliefs. In a cross border business, it is always necessary to have a clue of the lifestyles, consumption behavior and norms that are characteristic of the people a country intends to deal with. Culture comes about in the unique communication, symbols and ideas they express and if underestimated could pose certain risks. The risks in international business associated with culture include country risk, commercial risk, and currency risk and cross-cultural risk. Failure to consider carefully each of these risks might result in the trade ties deterioration and eventual death of any business however successful it was. In international business such processes as developing products and services, communication and interaction, screening for foreign distributors, negotiating, advertising and exhibition all must be accompanied by detailed analysis of the culture in question. This article is very relevant to the issue of cultural environment of international business considering Saudi Arabia has unique culture. It is evident that women in that country are treated differently when it comes to their involvement in business. The article points out the various struggles women undergo and their plight can be harmful to the international business in the long run. Considering for instance those women in other parts of the world can engage in business and run them profitably, it is ironical why such can not be practiced in Saudi Arabia. But in essence it is important to understand different cultures as already discussed prior to initiating business with them.   In this case, an investor who prefers to engage in a business that involves women roles in America may be forced to change his mind while dealing with Saudi women. This is in line with understanding the cross cultural risk associated with international business and to counter it would entail leaving out any involvement with Saudi women. Critique and Insight: The article gives an insight in to how different cultures behave in regard to business. This is very helpful so that investors may seek information on cultural environment before engaging in business that may later pose risks once established. The article however fails to highlight what Saudi women are actually doing to promote international business in the light of globalization. Attached Article: http://arabnews.com/saudiarabia/article396218.ece 6. Political and Legal Systems in National Environments Cover page: Arab News .com By DR. KHALID ALNOWAISER | ARAB NEWS Human rights issues in Saudi Arabia Existing sponsorship system no longer conforms to the life in the 21st century Article Summary: The article discusses human rights in Saudi Arabia in respect to women, youth and foreigners. However it is the political and civil rights part that pertains to political and legal systems in national environments. The author notes the fundamental worth of everybody to be free and safe. The right not to be arbitrarily arrested and freedom of expression in any business they engage in is emphasized. Among all these rights, the writer notes that the Saudi citizens must be free to participate in management of public affairs either directly or through elected representatives. Individuals have a right to vote or run for office in fair elections as declared in the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights issued by the United Nations in 1966. The article concludes with a question of whether the Saudi government is ready and willing to make significant political decisions for its people so that they may participate in any business of their choice. Relevance: The political system involves institutions, political organizations and interest groups and their relationships and rules that govern them in a country. This may happen along individual or community settings where each has assigned rights and roles. It is very common for any country to operate along a certain political ideology such as democracy or a totalitarianism setting. Each of these systems is designed to improve standards of living, communication and economic progress. But on the other hand, failure of any particular system may lead to risks especially in regard to international business. The risks can however be reduced substantially by stimulating local economy, offering national employment, and encouraging shared business ownership and engaging in activities that show political neutrality and civility. The legal system too is composed of civil, customary, theocratic and common laws which are meant to govern how people interact and dissolve disputes. In international business, the intellectual property rights are very important to understand as they define the right of benefit of any tangible property an individual may have invented. This article is relevant in the way it emphasizes the need for political systems based on legal foundations that are recognized internationally. In such a system, international business thrives if conditions where human rights are upheld and this comes from the political and legal system that is in place. Critique and Insight: The article is well presented and has all the facts that are crucial for international business to take place.   A country that denies its own citizens basic human rights cannot enjoy benefits in international business. Attached Article: http://arabnews.com/opinion/columns/article408235.ece?comments=all 7. Government Intervention in International Business Cover page: PH rejects Saudi bid to cut Filipino maids pay By Philip C. Tubeza Philippine Daily Inquirer 6:18 am | Friday, May 20th, 2011 Article Summary: The Philippines has rejected the request by Saudi Arabia for a pay cut for Filipino maids working in the Kingdom. According to Labor Secretary, the $400 minimum salary for maids working abroad will remain despite the Saudi government wish to have it reduced to $200. Because of the salary dispute, the Saudi government has suspended the deployment of Filipino maids to the Kingdom.   The matter has been referred to Geneva where bilateral trade is meant to be discussed and resolved. Relevance: The role of the government is very important in international business. Governments impose restriction in international business mainly due to political, cultural and economic reasons. In cases where the government wants its domestic business in exports to thrive, intervention is necessary. Another scenario is during difficult economic times so as to reduce imports and therefore shield its workforce from being laid off. Political motives are may be cited by a government in international business if it wants to protect jobs, preserve national security, gain influence and to respond to unfair practices.   The economic motives involved may pertain to protecting incoming industries that are in the growth path or in order to pursue a strategic trade policy.   Culturally, the government may intervene in order to preserve its national identity. All these measure have a basic motive which is to secure jobs for its citizenry. This article is relevant in that the Saudi government has intervened in the dispute so that its own maids may have better terms than those of foreigners. The economic motive is evident in the article because the Saudi government wants job security that could be threatened by the highly paid Filipino maids. Critique and Insight: The article is well presented and bears all facts that would call for a government to intervene in order to secure its citizens jobs.

HISTORY AND ORIGINATORS OF KEYBOARD Essays -- essays research papers

HISTORY AND ORIGINATORS OF KEYBOARD BAROQUE PERIOD Harpsichord (Italian cembalo; French clavecin), stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are plucked to produce sound. It was developed in Europe in the 14th or 15th century and was widely used from the 16th to the early 19th century, when it was superseded by the piano. In the 20th century the harpsichord was revived for performance of music of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, as well as for new compositions. The incisive sound quality of the plucked metal strings adds clarity to melodic lines. The harpsichord is particularly effective in performing contrapuntal music—that is, music that consists of two or more melodies played at the same time, such as that of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. Construction and Mechanism The harpsichord usually has a wing-shaped body, or case, like a grand piano; however, its proportions are narrower and longer, and the case and its inner bracing are normally lighter. Harpsichords have also been built in other shapes. Thes e include the virginal, or virginals, a small oblong instrument; the spinet, a small polygonal harpsichord; and the less common clavicytherium, an upright harpsichord. From the 16th to 19th century the terms spinet and virginal were often used interchangeably, and in England during that era any harpsichord was called a virginal. Harpsichords of any shape have the same plucking mechanism. For each string a small piece of material, or plectrum, is set in a thin slip of wood, or â€Å"jack,† which rests internally on the far end of the key. When the front of the key is depressed, the far end rises, and the plectrum plucks the string. The jack is pivoted so that, when the key returns to rest position, the plectrum slides by without striking the string. Since the volume and tone of the sound produced by the plucking mechanism remain constant regardless of the forcefulness of the keystroke, various methods have been developed to alter the harpsichord's sound. Many harpsichords have two strings for each key, with a row of jacks for each set of strings. Stops, or registers, allow the player to move unwanted sets of jacks slightly out of reach of the strings, thus making possible different volumes and combinations of tone colors. One set of strings may sound an octave above normal pitch. Some 18th-century German harpsichords had a set of strings so... ...18th-century instruments, often incorporating the best of the 19th-century innovations. Electronic Organs Electronic and electric organs, developed in the 20th century, are not organs in the strict sense, for they do not produce sound by air vibrating in a pipe; rather, they are instruments in their own right. One kind, invented in 1935 by an American, Laurens Hammond, utilizes electrical circuits and amplifiers to produce and enlarge the sound. Another kind uses electronic devices such as vacuum tubes. Although such instruments are often designed to imitate the tone qualities of pipe organs, they are frequently criticized for a pinched or artificial-seeming sound. Electronic organs were widely used in the rock bands of the 1960s and after. In such bands, which use extensive electrical sound amplification and manipulation, the distinctive qualities of electronic-organ sound are exploited for their own sake. Reed Organs Keyboard instruments in which the wind supply is directed tow ard free metal reeds like those of a harmonica or accordion are called reed organs. They include the melodeon, developed in the United States about 1825, and the harmonium, developed in Germany about 1810.

Understanding of Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment is one of the biggest problems facing our schools and businesses today. A week rarely goes by without a reminder of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment as a social problem. Sexual harassment is a growing problem in the government agencies, schools, and the corporations of the world; however, many corporations are now adopting new anti-harassment policies. (Conta) The definition of sexual harassment is any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. That includes touching, looks, comments, or gestures. A key part of sexual harassment is that it is one sided and unwanted. There is a great difference between sexual arassment and romance or friendship, since those are mutual feelings of two people. Often sexual harassment makes the victim feel guilty, but it is important for the victim to remember that it is not their fault, the fault lies totally on the person who is the harasser. Many times fear is involved in sexual harassment because it isn't about physical attraction, it's about power. In fact, many sexual harassment incidents take place when one person is in a position of power over the other; or when a woman has an untraditional job such as a police officer, factory worker, business executive, or ny other traditionally male job. Typical victims of harassment are young, single, college-educated, members of a minority racial or ethnic group (if male), in a trainee position (or office/ clerical positions if male), or have an immediate supervisor of the opposite Presently, it is hard for courts and others to decide when sexual harassment has taken place because the definition of sexual harassment is much too broad. Clearing up the legal definition of sexual harassment would discourage and punish harassers and bring comfort to the victims. Here are some points to remember in deciding hen sexual harassment takes place: Sexual harassment is one-sided and * It is about power and not attraction. * Subtle sexual behavior is sometimes socially acceptable, but some would consider it offensive and want it stopped. * Moderate sexual behavior is not socially acceptable, reasonable * Severe sexual behavior is never acceptable. (Swisher 28) Sexual harassment is a major problem in public schools, colleges, and universities. Surveys on college campuses show the number of respondents reporting to have been sexually harassed ranging from 40-70 percent. Only two percent of campus harassment ases involve a professor demanding sex in return for a good grade. Most cases involve male and female students. In public schools current sexual harassment definitions are inappropriate, since bad sexual behavior of today's children isn't sexual harassment, but it is a reflection of the vulgar, violent, and the sexually explicit nature of our media and culture. When little six-year-old children get suspended from school for kissing girls on the cheek, it is not an example of sexual harassment but of political Sexual harassment is still a big problem in schools and every school district in Washington now has an antiharassment policy. Junior high or middle school has the biggest problem with sexual harassment mainly because of their immaturity and out-of-control hormones†. Says Viki Simmons of the YWCA. â€Å"Many times in high school, students don't think anything about it when harassment happens, but schools are now cracking down on it†. Simmons interview) In the business world employers are now on notice that sexual harassment will no longer be tolerated in the workplace. Claims brought against alleged harassers include wrongful termination, invasion of privacy, violation of due process and free speech rights, efamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Sexual harassment usually happens to women in low-paying jobs, or women that have to have a job in order to support themselves and children. If sexual harassment happens at work, write down a detailed description of what took place, so that it is well recorded and you don't have to think back to the incident. You should keep a note pad handy for this purpose, or write it on a napkin to help you * What actually took place and what the offender said Another way to do this is to write a letter to the harasser. Be sure to keep a copy. Tell the person clearly in the letter that his behavior toward you is unwanted. Tell the person that he will be reported if the behavior doesn't stop (Kolbert). According to the research group Catalyst, recent studies have found that 40 percent to 60 percent of woman say they have been harassed sometime in their Employers have a duty to investigate allegations of sexual harassment, and their employees have a legitimate interest in knowing what activities could result in their termination. Ever clearer definitions of sexual harassment are being implemented by more and more corporations around the country. As this happens, an ncreasing number of companies are searching for new ways of protecting themselves against allegations, adopting their own anti- harassment policies to combat this growing problem. CEO's should do a variety of things to stop sexual harassment in the work place. The most important thing is senior management makes it clear to workers that harassment in any form won't be tolerated. If top managers don' take the issues seriously, employees won't either. Managers must also understand they are responsible for their Companies need an explicit written policy on sexual harassment that is widely available in the workplace. Most consultants advise companies to do more than just post the policy on bulletin boards. They should distribute it company wide, repeatedly. Copies should be included in new employee orientation packets. Employees should have clear definitions of what sexual harassment is Many companies are now offering employee training sessions on sexual harassment, and many say that follow up training is a good idea. Training programs should include all employees, rather than just managers. The tone should be gender neutral and avoid heavy discussions on male harassment that might cause some resentment among the male employees. Many times programs aren't effective because they spend a lot of time just attacking men and not the crime. Companies need a good system to deal with complaints. A clear process for handling complaints shows that a company takes them seriously. Until 1991 it was harder for woman to make allegations of sexual harassment, since woman felt like there was nothing that they could do about it. But the highly publicized hearings of Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill in 1991 changed everything. During the fall of 1991, the subject of sexual harassment grabbed news headlines. Everyone began discussing this issue and motions ran high. Judge Clarence Thomas was nominated to be a Supreme Court Justice, which is America's highest court, and Supreme Court Justices have their jobs for life. They cannot be fired. Before a person can be made a Justice, he or she must be questioned and Judge Thomas was ounce the head of a U. S. agency called the EEOC. The EEOC makes sure everyone is treated fairly when applying for a job. It also enforces laws against sexual harassment. Anita Hill is a law professor who worked with Judge Thomas at the EEOC many years ago. A few weeks into the Congressional Questioning she came orward and accused Thomas of sexual harassment. She claimed that he used to constantly ask her for dates and spoke to her about pornographic films he had seen. Anita Hill said that she was deeply offended by these remarks but felt that she could not complain. Clarence Thomas was her boss, and she thought that her career could be Anita Hill was a very believable witness. But Judge Thomas denied her charges in the strongest possible terms. Who was telling the truth? The country was divided. But the issue was being discussed everywhere. Women from all across the nation told of their experiences with sexual harassment. And many men admitted being Finally, the senate voted to approve Judge Thomas. But the vote was close. Many senators had doubts about Thomas's character. Others did not the, Thomas's career should be destroyed because of one person's story. They said there was not enough evidence to prove there was wrongdoing. In the end, everyone agreed that sexual harassment is a serious problem everyone must become more sensitive It's important to know that men have trouble too. Women are not the only victims of sexual harassment. More and more men are being harassed in the workplace, classrooms, and locker rooms. Whoever is in the position of power tends to be the harasser. Men can a be victims of both woman and other men Sexual harassment is very wide spread, but there are ways of avoiding it, such as: Keeping everything strictly on a business level. If working in the same room as the harasser, create a barrier between the two work stations with a desk or file cabinet, etc. Do not ask for personal favors or special treatment from the harasser so that he won't feel he is owed anything. Do not talk about anything personal. Sexual harassment is always wrong. No one deserves it. And it is always hurtful to the victim.

Free Essays on Absurdity

Truly Educated? Going to school and getting a college degree is a form of being educated, but in my opinion it doesn’t consider a person truly educated. In order for one to be truly educated, you need to look outside the boundaries of that degree and look at the other side of it. I feel there are two types of education, book education and life education. Book education, is of course, a form of being educated through school, but learning about life and the aspects of it, is that the more you know about life and the experiences you have will make you a more educated person. Through out life you are constantly learning and being educated. You experience things sometimes and don’t even know you are being educated, whether it be a good experience or a bad experience, the end result is you learning something. Getting an education is not just being taught by another person, it is teaching yourself. You have the ability to learn, and you decide what you want to educate yourself about. I think that the most important person anyone learns from is themselves. You let yourself listen and see, so if you are listening or watching another person, or anything in general, you learn. Watching the news on television is a source if learning. You decide whether or not you want to educate yourself on what’s going on in the world, and if you do you educate yourself. You don’t have to have someone physically in front of you to teach you. There are so many different people that teach you, whether it be teaching directly, like a school teacher or indirectly, learning by watching someone else. In the end you are more educated than before. Watching others is a big part of what type of person someone will become starting at a young age. In the short story School Vs. Education, written by Russell Baker, he states, â€Å"from watching his parents, the child, in many cases, will already know how to smoke, how much soda to mix with whisky... Free Essays on Absurdity Free Essays on Absurdity Truly Educated? Going to school and getting a college degree is a form of being educated, but in my opinion it doesn’t consider a person truly educated. In order for one to be truly educated, you need to look outside the boundaries of that degree and look at the other side of it. I feel there are two types of education, book education and life education. Book education, is of course, a form of being educated through school, but learning about life and the aspects of it, is that the more you know about life and the experiences you have will make you a more educated person. Through out life you are constantly learning and being educated. You experience things sometimes and don’t even know you are being educated, whether it be a good experience or a bad experience, the end result is you learning something. Getting an education is not just being taught by another person, it is teaching yourself. You have the ability to learn, and you decide what you want to educate yourself about. I think that the most important person anyone learns from is themselves. You let yourself listen and see, so if you are listening or watching another person, or anything in general, you learn. Watching the news on television is a source if learning. You decide whether or not you want to educate yourself on what’s going on in the world, and if you do you educate yourself. You don’t have to have someone physically in front of you to teach you. There are so many different people that teach you, whether it be teaching directly, like a school teacher or indirectly, learning by watching someone else. In the end you are more educated than before. Watching others is a big part of what type of person someone will become starting at a young age. In the short story School Vs. Education, written by Russell Baker, he states, â€Å"from watching his parents, the child, in many cases, will already know how to smoke, how much soda to mix with whisky...

Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme Essay Example

Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme Essay Example Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme Paper Karyotyping in Genetic Counseling Programme Paper 1997). In another, clients were asked to rate counselling sessions in terms of clarity, depth of discussion and their willingness to raise issues; the ratings were examined for evidence of influence from the sex of the counsellor (Zare, 1984). However, both studies acknowledged the limitations of their approach, stressing the importance of relating such findings to qualitative analysis of the actual counselling sessions. Reported satisfaction is a questionable measure of process, since it does not necessarily relate to what actually occurred during the session. As Clarke et al. highlight, while research has focused on outcome, effectiveness is also fundamentally related to process. In their view, while outcome measures are valid in a research context, they are useless in practice, a position echoed by other commentators who argue that outcome measures used alone are both inappropriate and methodologically inadequate (Kessler, 1992). 3. Structural and Numerical Abnormalities There are two types of aberrations that karyotyping could be identified in the foetus – these are numerical and structural. Numerical aberrations depict loss or gain of chromosomes which might be one or more. The title aneuploidy has been given to such kinds of aberrations. The term trisomy expresses the occurrence of a single extra chromosome and the term polyploidy shows the occurrence of two or more chromosomes (Mosby, 2005). Structural chromosome rearrangements are considered to be the other main sort of aberration; this is an outcome of partition and reunification in a different configuration of chromosome. These aberrations also contain translocations, which includes the exchange of genetic materials among chromosomes. One of the most famous aberrations identified during the prenatal period are aneuploidies such as trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome), trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), and X and Y sex chromosome aneuploidies (Divane, 1994). 95% of live-born chromosomal aberrations occur as a result of them (Whiteman, 1991). Chronologically occurrences of various chromosome aberrations are very difficult in composition because certain aberrations have such negative side effect that the survival chances of the foetus are significantly reduced. Statistics and facts that are gathered on the occurrence of different aberrations on certain occasions must have to be present in relation to the number of births (which are before or after birth), occasionally in comparison to the numbers of amniotic samples examined, or at other times in terms of pregnancies. . Table1. Chromosome abnormalities commonly detected their frequency and consequences (Grimshaw, 2003). Chromosome number, shape, and size form the karyotype. In spite of the fact that every karyotype is varied for each organism, every cell in every organism has the same karyotype. Chromosomal abnormalities can be separated into two categories: numeric and structural (Figure 1) (Todd, 2000). Changes in chromosome numbers result in the addition (trisomy or triploidy) or loss (monosomy or aneuploidy) of a chromosome. Between and within chromosomes structural changes could appear. Regions between chromosomes can be traded (translocation) or donated from one to the other (insertion). In the same chromosome, regions can be lost (deletion), duplicated (amplification), or reversed (inversion). It is a challenge for medical professionals to correctly identify these structural alterations and following that counsel the patients (Todd, 2000). Figure:1 Diagrammatic representation of chromosomes and their structural alteration: A) Chromosomes 3 and 8 stained with giemsa (G-banding) at a resolution of the 400 band level. Each chromosome has a short (p) and long (q) arm that is separated by a centromere at one end and a telomere at the other. Chromosomes are described as metacentric (chromosome 3) or acrocentric (chromosome 8), depending on the position of the centromere. Bands and sub-bands are numbered from the centromere outward. B) Structural aberrations involving 2 chromosomes. Illustrated is a fragment from chromosomes 3 (yellow) and 8 (blue) undergoing translocation [t (3;8)(p21-pter;p21-pter)] and insertion [ins (3;8)(q21. 2-21. 3;q13. 3-22)]. C) Structural alterations involving a single chromosome illustrated (using chromosome 3) include amplification [dup(3)(p21-pter)], inversion [inv(3)(p21-pter)], and deletion [del(3)(p21-pter)] (Todd, 2000). Figure 2: The human karyotype and aberrations. A) The normal human karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Autosomes are chromosome pairs 1-22. The sex chromosomes consist of a pairing of the X and Y chromosomes (XX _ female; XY _ male). B) Each chromosome is composed of two chromatids. At the end of each chromatid is the telomere. The centromere (â€Å"clear zone†) is found in a centric or paracentric position. C) Numeric aberrations of the human karyotype appear in many diseases and syndromes. Most commonly, the change is an addition (trisomy) of loss (aneuploidy) of a chromosome. Down’s syndrome is an important example. D) Structural alterations are another important chromosomal aberration. Many types of structural alterations exist in human disease and syndromes. The Philadelphia chromosome, found in chronic myelogenous leukemia, is an important example and a major prognostic factor (Todd, 2000). 4. Methods Used in Genetic Counselling Programme 4. 1 Amniocentesis: Amniocentesis is one of several diagnostic tests that are carried out for mothers undergoing Genetic counselling. It detects the chromosome disorders that can occur in the unborn child. In this process, a sample of the fluid from the amnion is removed and then tested for disorders like Down’s syndrome, anaemia etc. This test is carried out during the 15th week of pregnancy. Amniotic fluid is used for different tests in the laboratory like karyotyping etc. However, amniocentesis increases the risk of miscarriage and therefore, this test is recommended only for women who have a high risk of chromosome abnormality. 4. 2 Conventional cytogenetics: For prenatal diagnosis the methods that are mainly used in genetic counselling are classified into two categories: Conventional Genetics and Molecular Cytogenetics (Bui, 2002). 4. 2. 1 Karyotyping In 1969 there was an expansion of karyotyping techniques for banding chromosomes, which allowed the detection of more subtle structural chromosome abnormalities. A karyotype is the exact organization (matching and alignment) of the chromosome complement of a cell. In a karyotype, chromosomes are arranged and numbered by size, from the largest to the smallest. Karyotype is the normal classification, which illustrates the normal or abnormal, constitutional or acquired chromosomal complement of an individual, tissue or cell line. To determine the numerical chromosomal abnormalities or structural rearrangements –mainly translocations- the conventional cytogenetic techniques should be used (Catalina, 2007). When full karyotype analysis is performed all the samples should be cultured enough so dividing cells are present. Then the cells are harvested, and the metaphase chromosomes are spread onto a microscope slide. The chromosomes are banded by enzyme digestion and then are analyzed by a cytogenetic expert. Advantages: Until now the gold standard for genetic tests is the conventional cytogenetic study, since it is the best one currently available for assessing the whole karyotype at one time. Moreover, it is inexpensive and detects abnormalities bigger than 3Mb in size (Catalina, 2007). Disadvantages: Only dividing cells can be assessed, there is a need for metaphase stage cells. No frozen tissue can be used. Moreover, it is a time-consuming method and due to the lack of automation in sample processing, the time needed to analyze and generate the final report is almost two weeks. Due to the difficulties of analyzing and interpreting the data, an experienced cytogenetic specialist is required (Catalina, 2007). 4. 2. 2 Molecular Cytogenetics Even though, Karyotyping remains the gold standard of chromosome analysis and still is the most frequently used genetic method in prenatal diagnosis, development of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technologies (Bui, 2002) is the most significant step in cytogenetics during the past 20 years. Moreover, over the past 30 years modifications in cytogenetic techniques have provided an opportunity to increase sensitive detection of chromosome abnormalities. The invention of FISH techniques has provided the most prominent advances in the fields of research and diagnosis. A complete dissection of complex chromosome rearrangements can be achieved by the new multicolour karyotyping techniques and also provides the prospect of identifying new recurring chromosome rearrangements. Comparatively interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic hybridization both hindered the use of metaphase chromosomes altogether and have allowed the genetic analysis of previously problematic and unidentifiable targets. New advances in comparative genomic hybridization to DNA microarrays help in achieving high resolution and automated screening for chromosomal imbalances. Rather than replacing conventional cytogenetics, these new techniques have extended the range of cytogenetic analyses when they are applied in a complementary fashion (Kearney, 2001). 4. 2. 2. 1 FISH Background: The most common practice that has been carried out in molecular cytogenetics is known as FISH. In 1988 it was first introduced in USA based clinical cytogenetics, and speedy progress has subsequently been witnessed in this field. In 1991 the first test was made in the UK. This method acquires chromosome-based probes accompanied by fluorescent labels which are attached to them; now these probes can be found in commercial kit form. Microscope systems are required for detection, which are available as basic fluorescence microscopes to advanced image analysis systems known as microscope and camera devices of cooled charged-coupled type. This test involves more effort and resources than presently practising FISH, which is a harder labour test than the existing karyotyping technique (Grimshaw, 2003). Prenatal diagnosis and FISH Test: Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization studies have been conducted earlier on uncultured amniocytes with the acquisition of single chromosome-specific probes (for example for chromosome 21). However, these probes (centromeric repetitive or alphoid) showed vivid evidence of cross-hybridization between certain chromosomes (e. g. the two probes interacted for chromosomes 13 and 21). This finding paved the roads to the development of different types of probes (cosmid contig and YAC probes). It was successfully demonstrated that the usage of the cosmid prodes to identify Down’s syndrome (trisomy 21) in 1994, in a study of 500 uncultured amniotic fluid samples. After a couple of years, the UK introduced the use of YAC probes so to ensure speedy first reports on samples (Lowther, 1996). Although, evidence emerged which predicted that a mixture of five FISH probes could be utilised as a combined multicolour FISH hybridization experiment, when testing the five chromosomes most commonly linked with chromosomal abnormalities (21, 18, 13, X, Y). Further into that these 5-probe FISH test kits were manufactured and made available commercially (Grimshaw, 2003). Figure 3. Diagram of FISH procedures (Carpenter, 2001). A number of techniques, such as multicolour FISH (MFISH) and SKY FISH, have been developed from the FISH-based karyotyping of chromosomes. Fluorescent dyes used spectral karyotyping methods that jot together particular chromosomes regions. By utilizing a chain of specific probes each with changing quantity of dyes, unique spectral characteristics were found in different pairs of chromosomes (Catalina, 2007). There is a wide range of FISH techniques for both diagnostic and research applications. Since commercial availability of probes is increasing most clinical laboratories now use FISH as an addition to cytogenetic diagnosis. Metaphase FISH with specific gene probes provides an accurate assessment of rearrangements with a defined diagnostic or prognostic value, and interphase FISH provides the possibility of analysis on samples that would otherwise fail. One of the most significant advances has been in the development of multicolour FISH technologies which has culminated in FISH-based karyotyping methods. Metaphase CGH provides a global screening approach allowing the analysis of samples previously intractable to cytogenetic analysis. More recently, the development of CGH to DNA previously intractable to cytogenetic analysis. More recently, the development of CGH to DNA (Kearney, 2001). Advantages: FISH is a very rapid method, the results are ready within 24-48 hours. Also it is a sensitive and cost-effective and identifies both numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities in interphase and metaphase nuclei, and permits rapid sex determination (Catalina, 2007). Limitations: However, FISH has some limitations such as cross-hybridization of non-specific fluorescence signals, non-specific background, and suboptimal signal strength. Though, small deletions, duplications and inversions cannot be identified by painting prodes (Catalina, 2007). 4. 2. 2. 2 Multicolour Whole-chromosome Painting (M-FISH AND SKY) The most prominent characteristic of FISH is its ability to simultaneously identify several targets by using variant colours (multicolour FISH). As early as 1989, as many as three targets could be visualized at the same time (Nederlof, 1989). By the early 1990s 7 ±12 different probes in different colours could be simultaneous detected (Dauwerse, 1992), (Ried, 1992). However, it was not until 1996 that developments in probe labelling and digital imaging systems allowed the visualization of the entire chromosome complement in 24 different colours (Schrock, 1996), (Speicher, 1996). The two techniques, M-FISH and SKY, both utilize DOP-PCR amplification of flow-sorted chromosomes and a ‘combinatorial’ labelling approach. The principle behind this for both M-FISH and SKY is the generation of more colours than there are fluorochromes available, by labelling with 1:1 mixtures of fluorochromes. The theoretical number of targets which can be discriminated in this way is 2n=1, where n represents the number of fluorochromes available. Using only five fluorochromes, this allows painting of the whole chromosome in twenty-four coloured complement (see Figure 5). Figure 5. M-FISH colour karyotype of a bone marrow metaphase from an AML patient. G-banding identified a balanced t(1;3)(p32;p13), and this was confirmed by M-FISH (arrows). However, M-FISH also identified a cryptic der(6)t(6;22) not visible by G-banding (arrow). Two copies of the der(6) are present in this cell (Kearney, 2001). The imaging system which is used to discriminate fluorochrome combinations is the only difference between SKY and M-FISH. M-FISH is acquiring different fluorochrome pictures for each of the five fluorochromes using specifically selected narrow band pass filter sets (Eils, 1998),(Speicher, 1996). SKY on the other hand uses a single exposure of the image and a grouping of cooled charge coupled device (CCD) imaging and Fourier transform spectrometry to analyze spectrum of the fluorochrome combinations (Schrock, 1996). Both of these methods use dedicated software to transfer the unique labelling combination for each chromosome into a pseudocolour. It is important to mention that both of them have already demonstrated hidden chromosome rearrangements in complex karyotypes such as in tumour cell lines and in haematological malignancies (Speicher, 1996), (Veldman, 1997). Disadvantages: As with other whole-chromosome painting methods, both M-FISH and SKY are not capable to detect small intrachromosomal rearrangements (inversions, deletions, duplications). Both techniques can not detect mosaic cells. In particular, the limit of resolution for telomeric rearrangements is 2 ±2. 5 Mb (Brown,2000), (Uhrig,1999). Additionally, to overcome these limitations complementary FISH approaches are required. In addition to this, latest reports state that although M-FISH and SKY have proved to be extremely useful in prenatal, postnatal, and cancer cytogenetics, these technologies have innate limitations that, in certain cases, could result in chromosomal misclassification. Most multicolour karyotyping errors have a similar mechanistic origin. Structural rearrangements, which compare non-homologous chromosome material, often come up in overlapping fluorescence at the interface of the translocated segments; called occasionally as â€Å"flaring† (Lu, 2000). This effect can obscure or alter the fluorescence pattern of adjacent chromatin, which could lead to misinterpretation (Lee, 2001). 4. 2. 2. 3 Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) CGH is a technique that presents an overview of the whole genome and allows the detection of DNA copy number changes. It is a powerful option instead of chromosome banding and FISH. This method can detect a genome screening of chromosomal differencies without previous information about genomic regions which could be a potential target. CGH is a substitute method which reveals unbalanced chromosomal changes that may happen in hESCs lines during lengthy-span cultures, especially in cases where it seems difficult to obtain high quality metaphases (Catalina, 2007). Advantages and Limitations of CGH: The obvious edge of the CGH technique is that it requires only the genomic DNA; moreover, CGH does not require prior knowledge of the genomic region of interest. CGH can also identify copy number changes, increases and losses of regions of chromosome. Though, CGH is able to identify a number of quantitative genetic alterations including duplication or deletion of single chromosome bands. The CGH analysis also indicates the presence of genetic abnormalities that are not detected by other cytogenetic or molecular approaches. The turgidity of this technique in detecting low copy number gains or losses is in between 10-20Mb, therefore the detection limit of amplification is 2Mb. However, CGH has several limitations such as inability to detect chromosomal balanced translocation, inversions, and intragenic rearrangements (Catalina, 2007). Figure 7: Comparison of cytogenetic techniques for identifying chromosomal abnormalities (Speicher, 2005) Although the advances of the techniques utilized in genetic counselling are major, all of them come with their own share of advantages and disadvantages. The same is summarized in Table 2. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) QF-PCR combines the benefits of relative and competitive RT-PCR. It is accurate, specific, high throughput and relatively easy to execute. Real time PCR automates the lengthy relative RT-PCR process by quantitating reaction products for each sample in every cycle. RT-PCR systems detect and quantify the fluorescent reporter. The signal of this reporter increases in direct proportion to the amount of PCR product in the reaction. The reporter is a double-strand DNA which is bound to a specific dye (SYBR Green) and upon excitation emits light. If the dye is included in PCR reaction as PCR product accumulates the fluorescence increase. An alternative technique for quantifying PCR products is TaqMan, which depends on fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) of hybridization probes for quantitation. The probe hybridizes to an internal region of a PCR product. After irradiation the excited reporter dye transfers energy to the nearby quenching dye, which results in a non-fluorescent substrate. The advantages of this method are that it is inexpensive, simple to use, and sensitive The future of prenatal diagnosis: Full karyotype or molecular cytogenetics tests? The introduction of rapid molecular testing of all prenatal samples has brought up the question of the need for full karyotype analysis of all samples. When ultrasonography shows chromosomal abnormality, and there is no aneuploidy can be identified by frequent testing, full karyotyping is definitely required. However, when women have been identified by serum screening and/or maternal age as being at increased risk of Down’s syndrome they undergo persistent testing. â€Å"Double testing† of these women in a public-funded health service could be considered as unjustifiable and there are also down points for the parents. The time between the results of the rapid test and the full karyotyping could cause needless anxiety. Additionally most parents do not realize the significance of the full karyotyping; because they only worry about Down’s syndrome and not for the possibility of other abnormalities. Full karyotype analysis could identify abnormalities of unidentified importance, likewise the presence of very small â€Å"marker† chromosomes, clearly balanced chromosome rearrangements, or regions of variability, which could be hereditary. These outcomes could frequently create counselling difficulties, and cause problems for the parents in how to deduce and choose between anxiety and pregnancy termination during an ongoing pregnancy. When a chromosome rearrangement is found in one of the parents, full karyotyping is needed to test for abnormalities arising as a result of the rearrangement. However, recent advances in the policy of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis for rearrangement carriers (Scrivn, 1998) have permited rapid prenatal testing for chromosome imbalance using sub telomere probes (Pettenati, 2002). The UK National Screening Committee (UKNSC) suggested in 2004 that there is no need for karyotyping when screening for Down’s syndrome and instead prenatal diagnosis with FISH (fluorescence in-situ hybridisation) or PCR as rapid diagnostic tests as should be offered. Furthermore, UKNSC also suggested that the two previous tests should only be included for trisomies 13, 18, and 21. Before introducing the radical step of rapid testing alone for pregnancies at risk of Down’s syndrome, it is important to set up the significance and predicted effect of such a change in policy. Full karyotype results of prenatal samples from these referral categories can be audited to determine how many clinically significant chromosome abnormalities are likely to be undetected if rapid testing alone had been carried out. Recent studies which are investigativing karyotype abnormalities in prenatal samples referred for raised maternal age (RMA) or increased Down’s syndrome risk identified by serum screening will be reviewed in the following paragraph: In 1,130 prenatal samples, which were all referred for RMA or elevated risk of Down’s syndrome, an important clinical abnormality in chromosome 8 was identified (deletion of the short arm), which would not be identified by rapid testing (Thein et al). This is responsible for 0. 08% of the sample group. Thilaganathan et al. reported 3,203 amniotic fluid samples, were referred for a number of reasons. Rapid testing here did not detect all clinically significant abnormalities, which were detected with ultrasound. On another study, Ryall et al.reported 2,737 prenatal samples from pregnancies referred as serum screen +ve and an abnormality in chromosome 2 and 6 were detected. In the largest cohort study with 20,923 referrals around 30 important abnormalities were identified which includes four small marker chromosomes (Lewin et al. ). Among them, three pregnancies had trisomy 8, three trisomy 9, and three trisomy 16; and were all non-mosaic and therefore non-viable. Additionally thirteen cases of structurally abnormal chromosomes were identified, and complex abnormalities were found in four pregnancies. Rapid testing would detected as far as 99. 2% of clinical significant abnormalities, when pregnencies are reffered to RMA or serum +ve. In these studies, 196 balanced rearrangements or other good prognosis anomalies were found, which would have required parental karyotyping. This would lead to anxiety and in some cases termination of pregnancy. 5. Summary The future seems very exciting since the new developments in genetic information will present great challenges for genetic counselling. Medical doctors are currently facing problems in understanding and retaining genetic information outside their own scientific area. In some cases it is still not clear when test should be offered, since if a family is affected legal action could be used to question why an available test was not offered. Eventually, more diagnostic techniques would help to identify and treat more effectively, but not without false positives. Though, queries about which disorders to diagnose and when, (e. g. premarital, pre-conceptional, foetal, childhood, adulthood) will continue. It is important to mention that molecular cytogenetic increase the progress of prenatal diagnosis used in genetic counselling programmes to reveal chromosomal abnormality. The molecular cytogenetic techniques provide speed, accurate, ease and reliable diagnosis although there are some limitations associated with these techniques. However, if combination of the conventional techniques and molecular ones wil

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Business law - Essay Example What type of business organization has Alpha and Beta formed? To whom, if anyone, is Alpha liable? To whom, if anyone, is Beta liable? The business type formed by the two partnerships is a limited liability company which is not fully a partnership or a corporation. Since the two partnerships did not have any form of agreement as it was a onetime business deal, then each of the members has limited partnership. This type of business organization ensures the members have limited liability and especially on their personal property (Reuting 28). The limited liability however is not applicable where one of the members commits fraud or personally guarantees to repay a debt and later on refutes this claim. In case of personal business that are not linked to the company arises, then liability will be for only the member implicated and not for the rest of the members in the Limited Liability Company (the limited liability does not apply in such a case). Both Alpha and Beta committed fraud, however the frauds committed were different and hence the difference in liability. In the case of Alpha, the fraud was committed against a company that was to provide paper for printing the book that the two partnerships were producing and hence will be liable to both Beta and the printing paper company (Gamma Printing Supplies, Inc). Beta Publications which committed fraud against Delta Literary Agency which was producing articles for its magazine will be liable only to the agency alone and not to Alpha Communications as well. This is so because the agency does is not part of their one-time deal unlike the paper printing

Middleware Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middleware - Essay Example Current business trend require integration such as ERP, SCM and CRM. Business to Business (B2B) communication needs will further accelerate this trend. The need for middleware stems from this increasing growth in the number of applications and in the customizations within those applications. - Platform Transparency - Using interfaces and APIs abstraction features, Middleware provides Platform Transparency. Client and server don't require to have intimate knowledge of each other in order to work together. - RDBMS Support - Data access middleware provides transparency across different data storage formats. It will make different RDBMS look like the same RDBMS by providing multiple RDBMS support from both proprietary and standard APIs. - Advance applications - New enterprise applications harness Middleware technology for Single System Login, Enhanced Security, Location Transparency, Database and Application Oriented Services however they are not very common. - Remote Procedure Call (RPC) - Remote procedure call Middleware extends the procedure call interface familiar to all programmers offering the abstraction of being able to invoke a procedure whose body is across a network. - Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) - DOM suc... Based on the uses they can be categorized in following categories: - Remote Procedure Call (RPC) - Remote procedure call Middleware extends the procedure call interface familiar to all programmers offering the abstraction of being able to invoke a procedure whose body is across a network. - Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) - Message-Oriented Middleware provides the abstraction of a message queue which is accessible across a network. They are based on SOAP. - Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) - DOM such as DCOM and CORBA gives all the advantage of OOPS such as encapsulation and inheritance. It provides the abstraction of an object that is remote yet whose methods can be invoked just like those of an object in the same address space as the caller. are such examples. - Direct data access (DDA) for accessing databases directly as opposed to going through an application to get the information. Middleware offers many technical benefits. Current enterprise applications involve multiple applications interacting with same application. Instead of providing different APIs for different client application, we can put a Middleware with single set of APIs for each application. This can significantly simplify the communication. Also the Middleware can be used for handle different services such as checking the data for integrity, reconciling the data with other applications, data splitting and formatting so that we don't have to rewrite those services again and again for different applications. Middleware may have the capability to hold this data for a while so that it can be served to other applications which need it. Thus, it can introduce a type of persistency in the system. However there are some limitations of the